The digital landscape is in the midst of a paradigm shift, driven by the emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Gemini. These systems are rapidly evolving from novel tools to the primary interfaces through which billions of users access, aggregate, and interact with information.1For companies, understanding the inner workings of these AI systems is no longer an academic exercise, but a strategic imperative. The future visibility of a brand, product, or service no longer depends solely on its placement in a list of blue links, but rather on whether it is integrated as a trusted source of information into the answers generated by the AI.
This fundamental section unpacks how LLMs acquire and process knowledge. It establishes the crucial distinction between their static, trained knowledge and their dynamic, real-time skills. This understanding forms the foundation upon which all subsequent strategies are built.
At their core, LLMs like ChatGPT and Gemini operate with a dual knowledge system. The first is their fundamental, pre-trained knowledge base. This is built by processing massive amounts of text and code data, allowing the model to learn patterns, facts, logical relationships, and linguistic nuances.1While this knowledge is immense, it is inherently static—it is a snapshot of the knowledge at the time the training data was collected. This explains why early versions of ChatGPT could not provide information about current events; their knowledge horizon was frozen in the past.2
The second, and far more critical to corporate strategy, is the models' ability to access and integrate external information in real time. This dynamic capability is enabled by mechanisms such as web search plugins and, most importantly, an architecture called Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG).1This technology bridges the gap between the static knowledge of the model and the ever-changing digital world. It is the key mechanism that makes LLMs a continuously evolving source of information and thus the primary target for companies' visibility efforts.
The composition of the massive datasets used for pre-training provides insight into the fundamental "worldview" of an LLM. These models learn from a corpus comprising terabytes of data, drawn from a variety of sources.2The main sources include:
A crucial point is that the LLM doesn't store or copy this data verbatim. Instead, it learns statistical patterns and the relationships between words, phrases, and concepts by analyzing these vast amounts of data.1The model adjusts its internal parameters, called "weights," to reflect these patterns. This means that for content to become part of this basic training, it must be publicly available, easily discoverable by search engine crawlers, and ideally licensed under permissive licenses like Creative Commons that allow data sharing.1Content behind paywalls, registrations, or restrictive licenses is invisible to this phase of knowledge acquisition.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is perhaps the most significant technological development for companies seeking visibility into AI. It is the process that enables an LLM to "look up" information from an external, authoritative knowledge base before generating an answer. This overcomes the limitations of its static training data and mitigates problems such as outdated information or "hallucinations" (the fabrication of facts).7
The RAG workflow can be divided into several steps:
This process allows LLMs to provide citations and reference current information, making them far more reliable for fact-based inquiries.7For companies, the implication is clear: The primary goal must be to become part of this "external knowledge base" that is queried by RAG systems. The strategic priority has shifted: It's no longer just about creating content, but about building a machine-readable, proprietary knowledge base. Companies no longer just publish information for human consumption; they curate data sets for ingestion by AI systems.
To understand how to become a source for RAG, you need to understand how the "retrieval" step works. It is not based on traditional keyword searching, but onsemantic search.13
The process of semantic search is highly sophisticated:
An AI doesn't "read" a website in real time like a human. Instead, it queries a pre-indexed, vectorized version of that page's content. To be retrieved consistently, a company's information must therefore be structured, clear, and semantically rich. It must be optimized not only for human readability but also for efficient vectorization and rapid retrieval. A company's public website—its blogs, documentation, FAQs—thus becomes an external, queryable database for the world's AIs and thus a critical part of the company's data infrastructure.
This section focuses on the most immediate and impactful manifestation of generative AI for most companies: Google's AI Overviews (formerly known as Search Generative Experience, or SGE). We analyze them as a case study of how RAG is being used on a global scale and what this means for digital visibility. The insights from this dominant ecosystem point the way for interacting with generative AI systems in general.
The user experience with AI Overviews marks a significant departure from the traditional search engine results page (SERP). For complex, information-oriented, or ambiguous queries, Google generates a summary answer, a so-called "snapshot," which is prominently placed at the top of the results page, ahead of the organic and paid results.17
This snapshot answers the user's question directly by synthesizing insights from multiple high-quality sources and presenting them in natural, conversational language.3The format can vary and include step-by-step instructions, bulleted lists, or concise definitions. Crucially, this feature reduces the need for users to click through multiple web pages to find a comprehensive answer, which is especially useful for exploratory searches or comparisons.17
The system is also designed to be interactive. It allows for follow-up questions while maintaining the context of the original search and often suggests related topics or next steps.3This positions search as an "AI search assistant" rather than a pure results engine. The technology driving this is a sophisticated combination of Google's LLMs (such as PaLM 2 and Gemini) and a RAG architecture that leverages Google's massive web index as its knowledge base.3
The most critical question for companies is:How does Google select the sources it cites in its AI Overviews?The answer lies in its established E-E-A-T framework:Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness and Trustworthiness.17
Google faces the immense challenge of generating trustworthy AI answers at scale while avoiding hallucinations and misinformation.21Instead of developing a completely new system for assessing trust, it relies on its proven and refined E-E-A-T framework, which was originally developed to combat web spam and improve the quality of organic search results.17
Websites that demonstrate deep expertise, offer firsthand experience (e.g., through authentic product reviews or case studies), are widely recognized as authorities in their field, and enjoy general trust are far more likely to be cited as a source in AI Overviews.17This means that the signals Google has prioritized for years—like high-quality backlinks from relevant sites, clear author credits with verifiable credentials, and in-depth, helpful content—are now the ticket to being considered a reliable source for its generative AI.17
This development establishes a causal chain: High E-E-A-T signals lead to high organic rankings, which in turn dramatically increases the likelihood of being selected as a source for AI Overviews. E-E-A-T is thus no longer just a "ranking factor," but a fundamentalIngestion filterfor Google's generative models. This creates a powerful feedback loop: Companies that have invested in genuine authority and high-quality content will see their advantage amplified in the AI age. Conversely, those that rely on low-quality, keyword-driven tactics will become invisible to traditional search queries and AI-generated summaries alike. The cost of poor content quality has increased exponentially.
The selection of sources for AI Overviews is not arbitrary. Analyses reveal clear patterns that allow for strategic conclusions:
The transformation from an algorithmic search engine to an AI-powered answering system requires a corresponding evolution of optimization strategies. The following table compares traditional search engine optimization (SEO) with the new discipline of AI optimization (AIO) and serves as a concise summary of the required strategic change. It translates the abstract concepts discussed into a clear, comparative framework that executives can use to review their current digital strategy.
Factor |
Traditional SEO (search engine optimization) |
AIO (AI Optimization) |
Strategic implication |
Primary goal |
Keyword matching & ranking algorithms |
Semantic Understanding & RAG Systems |
Shift from optimization for strings to optimization for meaning. |
Inquiry focus |
Short-Tail-Keywords (z. B. "Gaming-Laptop") |
Long-tail, conversational, ambiguous queries (e.g., "best laptop for gaming and university under 1500 euros") |
Content must answer complex, nuanced questions. |
Content goal |
Ranking for specific keywords, generating clicks. |
Selection as a trusted source to inform a synthesized answer. |
The goal is to inform the AI, not just to gain a human click. |
Key signal |
Backlinks, domain authority |
E-E-A-T (Experience, Expertise, Authority, Trustworthiness) |
Authority must be demonstrated through content, not just links. |
Content format |
Keyword-optimized landing pages. |
Scannable, well-structured content: FAQs, summaries, lists, reviews. |
Structure for machine readability is of utmost importance. |
Technical focus |
Mobile-friendliness, basic speed. |
Extreme page speed (<500ms), minimal JS dependency, error-free indexing. |
Technical performance is a non-negotiable requirement for admission. |
This section translates the analyses from the previous chapters into a concrete, two-part action plan for companies. Part A focuses on the content strategy optimized for an AI audience, while Part B covers the underlying technical infrastructure essential for assimilation by AI systems. Following this playbook is crucial for transforming from a passive website to an active, cited source in the new information ecosystem.
The era of pure keyword optimization is over. AI systems understand the intent and context behind a query, not just the exact words.17Companies must therefore shift from a keyword-centric to a topic-centric model. This requires creating comprehensive topic clusters that fully cover a subject area. Using synonyms, related concepts, and contextually relevant terms builds semantic depth, allowing AI to recognize the website's expertise.17
The focus should be on answering the long, conversational questions that users are increasingly asking AI assistants.20Content must be structured to directly address queries like "How do I...", "What is the best way to...", and "Compare X to Y." Using tools to identify these questions, such as the "People Also Ask" boxes in Google Search or specialized tools, is crucial for creating content that meets users' real information needs.17
AI models, especially in the context of RAG, must be able to extract key information quickly and efficiently. This requires content to be highly structured and easily scannable by machines. A dense, unstructured wall of text is just as unsuitable for AI as it is for human readers.
Actionable tactics include:
AI Overviews' analysis has shown a strong preference for authentic, experience-based content.22This is a direct result of the emphasis on the "experience" aspect in the E-E-A-T framework. For e-commerce and service companies, this means that generating and prominently displaying genuine customer reviews must be a top priority.
Content should demonstrate real-world experience and expertise. This can be achieved in several ways:
A world-class content strategy is useless if technical barriers prevent AI from accessing and processing that content. Technical performance is no longer just a factor in user experience; it's a critical gateway for AI adoption.
Speed is a crucial factor. Data strongly suggests that websites with server response times above 500 milliseconds are significantly less likely to be cited in AI Overviews.22This is likely because RAG systems access information in real time, and slow sources would slow down the response generation process.
This requires a relentless focus on technical optimization:
One of the most critical technical insights is that AI retrieval systems strongly prefer content that exists in raw HTML code and largely ignore content that requires JavaScript (JS) to render.22This poses a major challenge for modern websites that rely heavily on JS frameworks (such as React, Angular, or Vue.js) for dynamic and interactive features.
This creates a strategic tension between creating rich, interactive user experiences (often JS-heavy) and ensuring maximum machine readability for AI ingestion (preferably static HTML). A highly interactive product configurator may be great for users, but it's an opaque black box for an AI trying to understand product features for a comparison query.
Companies must ensure that their core, informative content is rendered server-side (server-side rendering) or available in a static form that is immediately accessible to crawlers without requiring JavaScript execution. The role of the technical SEO expert is thus evolving into that of an "AI ingestion architect," working closely with developers to bridge the gap between human-centered design and machine-centered accessibility.
The fundamentals of technical SEO are more important than ever. If a page has crawling or indexing issues, it simply doesn't exist in the knowledge base that RAG systems query.22Companies need to have a clean page architecture, the correct use of
Ensure a robots.txt file and regular crawlability audits to eliminate any barriers to inclusion. Ensure that all relevant content, including user-generated content such as comments and reviews, is indexable by search engines and not obscured by pagination or JS loading.22
While AI optimization (AIO) aims to create a trustworthyThosefor general AI requests, this section examines proactive strategies to leverage a company’s unique data, services, and functionalitiesdirectlyinto AI ecosystems. This marks the transition from a passive to an active role, where a company not only provides information but becomes an integral tool that AI can use on behalf of the user. This approach requires a strategic decision that goes beyond marketing and affects the business model itself: Is the company's primary value the shared expertise (information) or the service provided (benefit)?
This path involves leveraging the powerful application programming interfaces (APIs) offered by OpenAI and Google to create customized applications or enhance existing workflows.23Instead of waiting for AI to discover a company's public content, the company proactively uses AI as a component in its own systems.
The use cases are diverse and cross-industry:
This approach offers the highest degree of control and customization, allowing a company to deeply integrate AI into its proprietary systems and data, creating unique, difficult-to-copy competitive advantages.
This strategy goes beyond pure API usage and involves creating a specialized version of a GPT that is trained or fine-tuned on a company's own proprietary data.28This is comparable to hiring and training a new employee who absorbs all of the company's internal knowledge.29
The main advantages are:
Plugins allow a company to make its services available directly within the user interfaces of platforms such as ChatGPT.32If a user's request is relevant to a plugin's capability, the LLM may decide to call that plugin's API to handle the request.
This is an extremely effective method for gaining visibility at the exact moment it's needed. For example, a travel company's plugin could be called when a user asks ChatGPT to plan a trip. The plugin could then retrieve live data on flights and hotels and allow the user to book directly within the chat. The company thus becomes a service rather than a source of information.
The development process essentially comprises three steps:
Through this approach, a company's service becomes a "tool" that AI can use on behalf of the user, leading to direct transactions and a strong brand presence within the AI ecosystem.
Choosing between these three paths isn't a purely technical decision, but a fundamental business strategy one. A media company whose value lies in its expertise and content might focus 90% of its resources on AIO. A SaaS company whose value lies in its functionality might invest 90% in API and plugin development. For many, a hybrid approach will be necessary, but the strategic distinction is crucial for effective resource allocation and positioning in the AI-native market of the future.
This concluding section synthesizes the report's findings into an overarching strategic framework. It provides guidance for business decisions, promotes the necessary organizational adaptation, and looks ahead to the next evolutionary stage of AI to future-proof companies.
The decision as to which of the presented strategies to pursue depends on a company's specific goals, resources, and business model. To help executives prioritize, the following table serves as a comparative analysis of the strategic paths. It evaluates the options based on key business metrics and enables a data-driven approach focused on goals such as brand awareness, lead generation, customer retention, or operational efficiency.
Metric |
AIO (content as source) |
API integration (custom apps) |
Custom GPTs & Plugins |
Primary goal |
Brand awareness, top-of-funnel traffic, building authority. |
Operational efficiency, proprietary product improvement, deep workflow integration. |
Lead generation, direct transactions, user engagement within AI platforms. |
Required investment |
Moderate (content teams, technical SEO experts). |
High (software developers, API costs, infrastructure). |
High (Specialized developers, API maintenance). |
Implementation time |
Ongoing, long-term effort. |
Medium to long (project-based). |
Medium (requires platform approval). |
Degree of control |
Low (depending on the AI's source selection). |
High (Full control over application and data). |
Medium (depending on the rules and user interface of the host platform). |
Most important success metric |
Zitate in AI Overviews, Referral-Traffic. |
Improving process speed, reducing costs, new product features. |
Plugin usage, API calls from LLM, direct conversions. |
Ideal for |
Media, consulting, B2B content marketing, e-commerce (reviews). |
Companies with complex internal processes, SaaS companies. |
E-commerce, travel, service booking platforms, data analysis tools. |
This matrix serves as a boardroom-ready summary, allowing a leadership team to quickly compare the costs, benefits, and requirements of each path. It transforms the report from a purely informational document into a practical decision-making tool, significantly increasing its strategic value.
Gaining visibility in the AI age is not an isolated function of marketing or IT. As the AIO playbook demonstrates, a brilliant content strategy (marketing) is worthless if the technical infrastructure (IT) prevents AI from absorbing it. Likewise, a technically perfect website without high-quality, E-E-A-T-compliant content is irrelevant to AI systems.
Success therefore requires breaking down traditional departmental silos and forming cross-functional AI Visibility teams. Within these teams, content creators, SEO specialists, and web developers must work closely together. Their shared goal is to meet the dual needs of human users and AI crawlers. This organizational convergence is not an option, but a prerequisite for success in the new digital landscape.
The strategies described in this report are fundamental, but technology is evolving rapidly. A forward-thinking organization must prepare for the next waves of innovation:
The ultimate goal for companies is to transform from a mere "destination" on the web to an indispensable "service hub" in a decentralized, AI-driven network of information and capabilities. Those who lay the foundations of AIO today while simultaneously investing in direct integration paths will not only be visible in the current generation of AI systems but will also form the vanguard shaping interactions in the AI-native world of tomorrow.